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Filetype [VIM]

:filetype on

The command :filetype on basically sources $VIMRUNTIME/filetype.vim. Since syntax.vim has a line with :filetype on, $VIMRUNTIME/filetype.vim is also (implicetely) sourced by doing a :syntax on.
filetype.vim checks if the global variable did_load_filetypes is set. If it is set, it won't source the file again, otherwise, it will set the variable.
It then sets up a lot of
au BufNewFile,BufRead *.some-extension setf some_filetype
Finally, it does a
runtime! ftdetect/*.vim
which allos to put filetype detection scripts under (for example) $RUNTIME\ftdetect